SAMA Educators

What is ideology??? Ideology is the system of ideas as well as ideals which tend to define the goals related to economic, political as well as social values and also define how to achieve these goals. The word ideology means “the science of ideas “and comes from two Greek words “Ideo” and “logos”.  The ideology of Pakistan- Two nation theory: Two nation theory served as the basis for the formation of a separate independent state for Muslims. According to this theory, there were two major nations in India; Muslims and Hindus. So Muslims had the right to have their separate independent state.  So, under the influence of two-nation theory and by the struggle of Muslims under the leadership of Quaid-e-Azam, Pakistan came into existence. Source : How Jinnah's ideology shapes Pakistan's identity - BBC News Reasons for Ideological differences in Pakistan: Pakistan is an ideological state whose formation was based upon two-nation theory. However, ideological differences in Pakista...

  Introduction to SCRUM: Scrum is a widely used framework involving the agile development strategy for products. Scrum ensures efficient teamwork by incorporating various values, team roles, and rituals to produce iterative work products. Scrum was initiated in the field of software industry but afterward, its use has been expanded to various fields including universities, military, automobile industry, and so on. Development of SCRUM: A rugby-style approach for project development was introduced by Two professors Hirotaka Takeuchi and Ikujiro Nonaka in 1986. The term SCRUM was coined by them. In rugby, a forward motion of the team includes passing of ball back and forth by them. Ken Schwaber and Jeff Sutherland, two software developers applied Takeuchi/Nonaka-inspired development strategies in their companies. Their SCRUM version was defined and presented by them together in 1995. Working of SCRUM: Basic framework of SCRUM includes three basic categories:   ...

  The Jahn-Teller interaction is a type of electron-phonon coupling that is easy to understand in its most basic form but produces a wide range of phenomena to investigate. The word "electron-phonon" means that both heavy and light particles are involved, with the heavy particles (ions) motion being defined in terms of normal coordinates or phonons. The Jahn-Teller interaction is unique in that it requires a large number of electronic states to interact with one or more natural modes of vibration and the Jahn Teller theorem says that ‘‘For almost any set of degenerate electronic states associated with a molecular configuration there   will   exist   some   symmetry-breaking   interaction   in   which   molecular   distortion   is   associated with the removal of the electronic degeneracy.’ J a h n - T e ll e r   D i s t o r t i o n Jahn-Teller effect is a type of geometrical distortion commonly observed among octahedral co...